Fuels of the Earth

What are fossil fuels?

Fossil fuel are oil, natural gas, and coal, which formed from the fossilized remains of plants and animals. In prehistoric times, dead animals and plants became buried inside sedimentary rocks and slowly turned into fossils. Over millions of years, heat and pressure changed the fossil into fuel, in the form of oil, gas, and coal, which can be burnt to release heat.

Where do oil and gas come from?

Oil and gas come from rocks deep within the ground. People use very long drills and pipes to release oil and gas. The rocks are sometimes under land but are often found under the ocean. People drill holes deep into the sea floor and squirt chemicals down the wholes to release the fuels. The oil and gas can be made into gasoline, plastic, and other products.

When will fossil fuel run out?

As per estimates the world oil and gas will run out by 2050, and coal by 2100, if we continue using them at the same rate as today and don't discover any new stores of them in the ground. Fossil fuels are non renewable, which means once they are used up they are gone. To save energy, people must use more renewable energy, such as sunlight, wind, or moving water, that will never run out.

Can people turn waste into fuel?

Yes, heat energy is released when plant waste, such as unwanted wood or crops, is burnt. "Biodegradable waste", such as leftover food, animal manure, scrap paper, and weeds, is degraded, or broken down, by bacteria to make biogas and fuel. Some crops, such as sugar cane and corn, are specially grown to make biofuel.

Materials from Plants

Plant materials are an essential part of our lives, keeping us warm, dry, safe, and even-in case of musical instruments-entertained. From woods to leave, plants supply many of our raw materials.

What types of things can be made from plants?

We make all kind of things from plant materials. Wood alone is used to make countless objects, big and small, from construction lumber to toys. All kinds of cloth are also made from plants-and so is the paper that you write at.

What is JOJOBA?

Jojoba is a bush found in Mexico. The fruits have a high grade of oily wax. It is used as a lubricant, in printing inks, and in body lotions and shampoo.

What are violins made of?

The body of a violin is usually made from finely carved source and maple woods, creating beautiful sound.

What is Balsa?

Balsa is the world lightest wood-it floats high in water. Balsa trees grow in tropical South America. Balsa wood is used for making models, such as airplanes, and also for rafts, life preservers, and insulation.

What is RAFFIA?

Raffia is a natural palm made from the young leaves of Raffia palm, which grows in tropical Africa. Raffia is used in handicrafts, such as basketry.

Plants as medicine

Plants have been used as medicine for atleast 100,000 years. In much of the world especially in China and India, herbal remedies are used more than any other kind of medicine. Today, scientists are still researching the valuable healing properties of plants for use in conventional medicines.

Can plants help fight cancer?

Several plants are effective against cancer tumours. One of the most famous is the rosy periwinkle. One of its extracts, vincristine, is very effective against some types of lukemia, a cancer of the blood.

Which plant aid digestion?

Many plants, including the herbs and spices used in cooking, help digestion. In Europe, the bitter extract of wild gentians provides a good remedy for digestive problems.

What is GINSENG?

Ginseng is a plant related to ivy, and has been used as a herbal medicine for centuries. It is claimed-but not proved-to help many conditions, including fatigue and depression, a kidney disease, heart problems, and headaches.

Which plant helps combat MALARIA?

Quinine , from the bark of the quinine tree, which grown from south America Andes, and can cure or prevent MALARIA. before the widespread use of quinine, Malaria used to kill two million people each year.

Which plant is believed to help ASTHMA?

Lungwort is a herb with purple flowers and spotted leaves that are said to look like lungs. For the reason, it is sometimes used to treat asthma. That is no definate proof that it works.

Can WILLOW help pain?

Willow twigs were once chewed to give pain relief. A compound similar to drug aspirin was once extracted from willows and the herb meadowsweet, known as spiraea-giving aspirin its name.

Plant Products

Plant products are used for different uses, depending on their natural properties. The softness of cotton makes it ideal for clothing. The Springiness of rubber makes it perfect for products from rubber bands to rubber gloves

How is cork produced?

Cork comes from a tree called the cork oak. The cork is the thick, spongy bark. It is stripped away from the lower trunk, then left to grow upto ten years before the next harvest. Cork is used to make many things, from bottle corks and bulletin board to floor tiles.

What is kapok?

Kapok is similar to cotton, It comes from the kapok tree, which is cultivated in Asia and can be as tall as 160 feet. The fluffy seed fibres are used to stuff mattresses, jackets, quilts, and sleeping bags.

How is cotton turned into cloth?

Cotton is a soft fibre that grows naturally around the seeds of the cotton plant, forming "bolls". These are "ginned" to remove the seeds; spun, or twisted, into thread; and then woven to make a cloth.

What is rubber?

Rubber is sap of some plants, particularly the para rubber tree. The trees are pierced, or trapped, and the sap drips slowly into the waiting container.

What wood makes the best cricket bat?

The best cricket bats are made in India, from the willow, a white willow. The blade (the part of ball strikes) is made from, and the handle from different wood or cane.

Can plants produce fuel to run cars?

The copaiba tree of Amazon rain forest yield an oil similar to diesel fuel that can be used to run engines. Oilseed rape, soybean, and the petroleum nut tree of southeast Asia can also used to produce biofuels, or plant fuels. As crude oil reserves are used up, biofuels may become important.

Materials

Why are saucepans made of metal?

Saucepans are made of metal because most metals heat up quickly. Metal atoms vibrate easily when heated, rapidly passing on the vibrations of atom around them. This makes metals good conducted (carriers) of heat. Most metals, such as iron, are strong, shiny, hard solids, but metals all have different properties. Aluminium, for example, is light and easily molded.

How is glass made?

Glass is made by heating together sand, ash, and stone in a hot furnace. The molten (liquid) glass is then rolled into sheets, put in a mould, or blown into shapes. It hardens to a transparent solid when it cools. Glass is waterproof and reflects light or let light through it. It is used to make windows and jars, and also lenses and mirrors.

What are plastics?

Plastics are artificial materials made by heating chemicals found in petroleum (oil). Plastics have many useful properties. They can be be molded into different shapes, they do not break easily when dropped, and they are light and waterproof. There are many different types of plastic. For example, Plexiglass is a tough, tranperant plastic and polystyrene is a kind of foam used for insulation (to trap heat).

When is plastic a problem?

Plastic is a problem because it does not biodegrade, or break down, as food, paper, or wood do. This means plastic piles up in large holes in the ground or floats around oceans, washing up on beaches. Scientists are developing plastics that break down but can still protect and store goods.

Mountain and valley

How do mountains form?

Some mountains form from volcanoes. Dome mountains occur where magma near the earth's surface forms a rounded bulge of rock but does not erupt to become a volcano. Fold mountains form when two colliding plates cause the earth's crust to buckle and fold, making mountain ranges. Block mountains form when fractures in the earth's crust push a block upward.

Do mountains continue to grow?

Yes, some mountains continue to get taller after they first form! For example the Himalayas are growing up 2 inches every year. The Himalayas were formed 50 millions year ago when two of the mountain plates collided. As the plates continue to push each other the mountains are gradually getting higher-and they are getting even higher to climb!

What is a glacier?

A glacier is a huge river of ice. A buildup of snow and ice in a very cold, high mountain areas causes the river of ice downhill. Most glaciers flow so slowly you can not tell they are moving. As glaciers move, they carry rocks along with them that help gouge out valleys, or deep grooves, into the land through which they pass.

Where is the tallest mountain?

The tallest mountain is Mauna Kea on Hawaii. It measures 33,375 feet from base to peak, but most of it is underwater. Only 13,795 feet of it are above sea level. On land, Mountain Everest is the highest mountain, reaching 29,035 feet above sea level. Also on Hawaii is Mauna Loa, the world's biggest 🌋 Volcano.

Light and Dark

Where does light came from?

The Earth's biggest source of light is Sun. Heat and light energy by sun created by the sun travels through space in straight lines called rays at almost 187,000 miles per second. The Earth's spins around once a day, changing which part of globe gets sunlight. This creates day and night. Other things that radiate, or give off, light include electric lightbulbs, candles, and television sets.

What are shadows?

Shadows happen in places where an object

Stops light from getting through. Materials that light shines through fully are called transparent. Translucent materials only let a little light through. Opaque material don't let any light through at all. The shape of the shadow depends on the object blocking the light. If an object is moved closer to a light source, it's shadow gets bigger because it blocks more light rays.

Why do mirror reflect images?

All surfaces reflect light but if they are bumpy, the light rays are reflected in all directions. Mirrors are made from very smooth surfaces that reflect the rays back in the same pattern as they hit it, creating a clear image of any object. Words reflected in a mirror appear back to front, as if they were facing away from us and we were looking through the page.

How do periscopes work?

Periscopes are devices that use reflecting mirrors in order to see things from a lower level. An Angled mirror reflects an image, made up of light, down a tube. A second mirror at the bottom of the tube reflects the light again to turn the image back the right way up. Periscopes are often used to see surface ships from underwater submarines, or to see over people's heads in crowds.

World under water - Future disasters

If our planet continues to warm up, we could all be in deep trouble. Water expands as it heats, so the ocean would rise and threatens coastlines. There is a danger, too, that the polar ice caps may gradually melt as temperatures increase. Some scientists predict that the combined effect could cause a catastrophic rise in sea levels by the end of 21st century. Without food defences in place, that would put major cities at risk in many heavily populated regions in the world.

Wet outlook

The prospect of coastline cities such as new york sheltering behind sea walls in centuries to come is real. In the last 100+ years sea level has risen by 10-25 cm, and the united nations forecasts that it will rise four times faster in 21st century. Ocean currents will cause much greater rise in some regions, threatening coastlines in future centuries with tides three to five metres higher than present levels - even without the extra hazard of melting polar ice caps.

Disappearing from the map

Some scientists have estimated that sea levels could rise three metres by year 2100. If this happens, dozens of coastal belts, including major cities such as Bangkok, St Petersburg and New Orleans, would face disastrous flooding. Whole regions including southern Florida in the USA, much of the Netherlands and half of Bangladesh would be awash. The area at risk account one third of the world's vital crop growing land.

Mind the gap

Pollution causes more danger than global warming. Chemical called CFCs - used, for example, in aerosols - drifted up in the sky for decades, destroying the ozone layer, the part of Earth's atmosphere that protects us from cancer causing ultraviolet sunlight. The risk was ignored, until a huge whole was detected in the ozone layer over Antarctica in 1987. CFCs are now controlled, but too late to prevent this grave enviromental disaster.

                         Figure is not Thames barrier

Against the tides

The Thames Barrier, which was completed in 1984, protects London from the dangerous high tides that began to flood the city in the 20th century. The main gates, which each weigh 3,700 tonnes, close into a wall as high as a five storey building. The barrier has to be raised 33 times in its first 15 years.

Getting Hotter - Future Disasters

Think of a world as a greenhouse. The glass walls and proofs are the Earth's atmosphere, getting in the sunlight and trapping heat to keep the inside warm. But there's is a growing problem. Gases from field burnt off industry, transport and deforestation are building up in the atmosphere, so that heat is escaping more slowly. The greenhouse effects is causing global warming, which is already a cause for alarm.

Long range forecast

If global warming continues, the polar ice capabilities could melt, and climate zones across the world will move northwards. In the latitudes of Europe, for example, cool countries such as France, Germany and Britain would become sub-tropical. Sunny Spain and Italy would be scorched into deserts, and hot, dry North Africa would turn into a vast expanse of grassy savannah.

Paris in the heat

In the future, could northern cities such as Paris be sweltering in sub tropical weather?
Yes, say some experts, if global warming causes a shifted in world climate belts. While northern regions might welcome warmer weather, the possible effect on agriculture could be calamitous. The world cereal-growing regions could turn into deserts, leading to mass famine. Global warming could make change to rainfall patterns too. Regions with regular rainfall year round may soon face monsoon like downpours that cause disastrous floods. If nothing else, the world will begin to look very different. The pyramids of Egypt, for example, would no longer stand in dry desert sands, but in green grasslands.

Unwelcome visitor

Temperature may rise by as much as three degrees centigrade during the next 100 years - five times the rise during the last. This would enable warm climate plant and wildlife species to migrate North, perhaps bringing unwelcome visitors such as the deadly tsetse fly and malarial mosquitoes to the part of Europe and the United States, where these insects have never been a threat before.

Building up a storm

Global warming is blamed for an increase in number of violent storms. Hurricanes such as Mitch, which devastated Central America in 1998, are said to have become 40 percent more frequent since 1970.

Medical threats - Future Disasters

Our most dangerous are invisible. In spite of medicines amazing progress in 20th century, microscopic monsters continue to stock us. Deadly new viral disease such as AIDS and ebola have no cure so far. And infectious bacteria, responsible for killers such as diphtheria and tuberculosis, are staging come back too. They have begin to develop resistance to antibiotics, the miracle drugs that doctors once hoped would consign them to history.

Risky business

To find new treatments for infectious diseases, researchers test thousands of different chemicals, one by one, on samples of bacteria that cause them. It is a time consuming task, and often a hazardous one. Testing deadly germs calls for extreme care and special precautions.

Survival expert

MRSA - Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus - is a 'super bug' which even powerful antibiotics cant destroy. The bacterium lives in hospitals, where of attacks - and skills - patients who have had operations. MRSA is so dangerous that some hospitals refuse to admit patients who have that infection. Scientists are developing drugs to combat MRSA, but these miniscule organisms learn to change their form and behaviour just as quickly as new drugs appear. Their struggle to survive is as determined as that of any other life form.

Ancient remedy

In the search for cures, medicines turn to some surprising sources. A powerful new treatment for malaria, which kills millions each year, is based on a two thousand year old Chinese herbal remedy, and taken from the common plant family Artemisia.

Persistent killers

New disease pose a constant threat to disastrous epidemics. In Africa, millions live in the fear of the ebola virus, named after a deadly outbreak in the ebola river region of Zaire in 1976. One sufferer was transferred to the capital, Kinshasa, where the disease is found to be new - and infectious enough to threaten the city's two million people. The hospital, and ebola region, were instantly sealed off. The fever kills up to 90 percent of its victims and can not be cured. It broke out again in 1995, killing most of the staff and patients at a hospital in kikwit, Zaire. So infectious is the virus that even burial parties must wear protective clothing.

Crowded Planet - Future Disasters

Thanks to 20th-century technology, we live longer, travel farther and produce more goods. We also multiply. There are now more than 7 billion of us, more than four times the number 100 years ago. We run a billion motor vehicles on our roads and consume more and more of earth resources. In other century, there could be 15 billion people, all in need of jobs, homes, food, healthcare and transport. Unless growth slows, the world could be overwhelmed.

Population explosion

The united nation hopes people will learn to limit there children to two per couple.
Population growth next century will depend on when this target is reached. The graph shows three possibilities. The highest figure is the likeliest, and could well be exceeded.

Chaos in the streets

The city of the future is crowded, nightmare vision. Dirty, traffic choked the streets and pavements are squeezed between high rising buildings, in which solitary workers sit all day at computers in sound proof sealed offices. Some cities are, of course, just like this now, but it is going to get much worse. Britain, for example, already has the world's most crowded road networks, with 100 vehicles for every kilometre. With car use growing at its present rate, there will be 50 percent more traffic by 2030. This dependence on cars will cause yet more problems of congestion, accidents and pollution.

Throwaway society

European households each throw out a ton of rubbish every year. In the U.S.A, it is even more. Disposal by burying or burning delayed the environment - and the problem gets worse as people worldwide generate more and more waste.

Uncontrolled spread

Population in the industrialized nations of Europe and North America are growing slowly, but in the developing world, high birth rates double some countries numbers every 20-30 years. Millions flock to cities, hoping to share the benefits of consumer society. The many who find no work face a grim life in shanty towns such as those of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil - already overcrowded and beset by poverty and disease.

Google vs Facebook comparison

Google and facebook have become an essential part of our life. Even most of the people of generation Z who are accessible to it cant even imagine a day in life without it. As new technology emerges lets see who would win the battle of dominance over internet. From simple search engines to and social network tools to innovative artificial intelligence and virtual reality platforms which team has which team has it what it takes to the next level of evolution. So lets try to find in this article.

The Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both Phd. students at Stanford University in 1998. In 2004 it moved its new headquarter to mountain view, California after initial new offering of I.P.O. Its increment in size has eventually making Google more productive as it now has many application based software including Google maps app, Gmail app etc. increasing its grip in many fields including partnership with electronic manufacturers of smartphones, headsets and speakers. Facebook also began its life at college with students such as Mark Zuckerberg, Eduorda Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovite and Chris Hughes launched the social networking service in 2004 with the membership to only fellow Harvard students then afterwards to other colleges and universities as popularity grew in 2006 it was made accessible to all above 13 years old. The primary revenue generated by facebook is through advertisements hosted on the site. When its headquarters were shifted to Dublin it shows that now it is making some real cash. In 2009 it was the most used social networking site and in 2010 it was valued at 41 billion dollars.

In 2017 in the fortune 500 list Google was ranked at number 22 while the facebook was ranked at 76. As for now at present Google is now in charge of blogger, you tube, skybox, Maps, wallet, Google earth and hangouts. Facebook has control of Ozio, wavegroup, sound, Oculus VR, whatsapp, lightbox and Instagram. Google as a search engine has the upper hand over the facebook but facebook has a upper hand as a social networking site. Both google and fb had been struck in legal cases due to accusation of privacy breaches and data smuggling.

Both Google and facebook are doing a lot towards development of AI and virtual reality and that could influence the future of society in a lot many ways.

Wall Street Crash

From the beginning of formation of nation peace and welfare of every nation depend on its economic security. But the same security is not guaranteed. Economic Crash could create mass poverty - as happened in the U.S.A after the stock market crash of 24 october 1929. Share prices tell so low that companies become worthless. Inventors lost their money and went bankrupt. With the country engulfed by depression, millions lost their jobs, then their homes. They went on the road in search of work, dependent on charity for survival. Countless members died from starvation and illness.

Mounds of worthless cash

Inflation - when money losses its value - can be a financial disaster. After world war 1, 'hyperinflation' in germany reduced the value of its currency, the mark, to virtually nothing. Germany had to pay huge sums in compensation to countries it had attacked in the war, but the government cheated by printing new bank notes to pay with. People lost the faith in the worth of this money and the marks value plummeted. In 1918, a loaf of bread cost 1 mark. In early 1923, the price has risen to 250 marks. By christmas, it was 200 billion marks. Workers took there wages in wheelbarrows, and children played with stacks of worthless cash. This economic anarchy lasted until the government introduced the new currency.

Standing in the line

As the great depression gripped the United States, jobless numbers increased reached 14 million and average incomes halved. Americans, receiving no unemployment benefit, relied on soup kitchens - or begging - to stay alive. Recovery only began after a new president, Franklin D.Roosevelt, introduced the 'New Deal' in 1933. This helped the poor find food, shelter and work through community projects, building roads, dams and houses.

Hard time for farmers

In 1932, with the depression at its height, America suffered another economic disaster. After the years of good harvests from the great wheat-growing plains of the south, the vast region was struck by the serious drought. The land soon become a 'dust bowl'. Farmers lost their properties and moved into crude shacks. Half a million people abandoned their land before the drought ended - five long year laters.

Panic in the Street

On the morning of the great crash, the stock exchange in New York wall Street was a scene of chaos. Large investors were selling shares in response to fears about the worldwide economy. As news of the falling prices spread, thousands of small investors ordered their stock brokers to sell 'at any price'. Panic broke out to the brokers failed to buy any buyers. Millions of shares worth worth billion of dollars became entirely worthless in a matter of hours.

Diesel

Meaning

Diesel is a liquid form fossil fuel or we can say that it is a liquid fuel that can be used in Diesel Engines. Unlike Petrol its engine fuel ignition takes place without any spark and in substitution to it with the help of compression. Diesel engines have found a broad use due its fuel efficiency and thermodynamic efficiency.

Uses

Unlike Gasoline and L.P.G, Diesel engines do not use spark ignition's.  An engine running on diesel compresses the air inside the cylinder to high pressures and temperatures (compression ratios from 14:1 to 18:1 are common in current diesel engines); the engine generally injects the diesel fuel directly into the cylinder, starting a few degrees before top dead center (TDC) and continuing during the combustion event. The high temperatures inside the cylinder cause the diesel fuel to react with the oxygen in the mix (burn or oxidize), heating and expanding the burning mixture to convert the thermal/pressure difference into mechanical work, i.e., to move the piston. Engines have glow plugs and grid heaters to help start the engine by preheating the cylinders to a minimum operating temperature. Diesel engines are lean burn engines.

Trucks

Diesel engines are widely common in large automobiles like truck,buses etc  because it has more power then Gasoline engines. The Gasoline powered automobile are major exceptions like Diesel cars are less in number's worldwide.

Railroads

Due to Diesel engine is a better substitution to large size inefficient steam powered engine because it is small as well as far more efficient it has replaced it in latter half of the 20th century, and is now used almost exclusively for the combustion engine of self powered rail vehicles (locomotive's and rail car's).

Aircraft

The first diesel-powered flight of a fixed-wing aircraft took place on the evening of 18 September 1928, at the Packard Proving Grounds near Utica, Michigan. With Captain Lionel M. Woolson and Walter Lees at the controls the first "official" test flight was taken the next morning, flying a Stinson SM1B (X7654), powered by a Packard DR-980 9-cylinder diesel radial engine, designed by Woolson. Charles Lindbergh flew the same aircraft and in 1929, it was flown 621 miles (999 km) nonstop from Detroit to Langley Field, near Norfolk, Virginia. In 1931, Walter Lees and Fredrick Brossy set the nonstop flight record flying a Bellanca powered by a Packard diesel for 84 hours and 32 minutes. X7654 is now owned by Greg Herrick and is at the Golden Wings Flying Museum near Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Diesel engines were produced in both Germany and United Kingdom by different companies with the production run of 900 engines Junker Jumo 205 was the most produced aviation Diesel engine of all times till now. In the Soviet Union Institute of TsIammade a significant progress in building of practical diesel aero-engines.

Military Vehicles

Military uses Diesel engine's because Diesel has lower risk of catching fire and it's engine's are much more powerful then other fuel's engine thus providing higher rate of torque and low rate of stalling.

Cars

Diesel powered cars have much more powerful engine's and better fuel efficiency although creating much more pollution then petrol or gasoline powered cars. Diesel powered cars are more expensive and take higher maintainence charges and more fuel efficient.   

Tractors and heavy equipment

In modern day era most of the tractors and heavy equipements mostly diesel powered. Among the tractors only smaller classes have Gasoline or Petrol engine's. 

Other uses

The Diesel engine's are used a lot equipment's and vehicle's which need's less flammabilityand higher fuel efficiency.

Pricing

The price of Diesel is less then Gasoline or Petrol especially in India otherwise it depends on country to  country due to taxation and availability of resources that what price it should be.

Marble

Meaning

 "Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Marble may be foliated. In geology the term "marble" refers to metamorphosed limestone, but its use in stonemasonry more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone"

Kearey, Philip (2001). Dictionary of Geology

Marble has been derived from a Greek word (mármaron). And according to some other people it can be linked to English word marmoreal, meaning "marble like".

Uses

Sculpture-
Since old times white marble has been valued high for its use in sculpture's. All this is because of it's durability it is soft which tend to make it easier to carve, and have a resistance to breaking.It does also have quality that it has the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate several millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic waxy look which gives "life" to marble sculptures of any kind, which is why many sculptors preferred and still prefer marble for sculpting.

Construction Marble

Construction marble is composed of a material which is capable of taking polish.In construction purposes it has a huge demand due to its beauty and endeavor and the market is growing at a large pace due to technological advancement in procurement and cutting of Marble.

Production

In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of world production of marble and decorative stone. Italy and China were the world leaders, each representing 16% of world production, while Spain and India produced 9% and 8%, respectively. Italy is the world leader in marble export, with 20% share in global marble production, followed by China with 16%, India with 10%, Spain with 6%, and Portugal with 5%.

Artificial Marble

Marble dust is combined with cement or synthetic material to make artificial marble. The appearance of marble can be simulated with faux marbling, a painting technique that imitates the stones color pattern.

Robots

Introduction

Today we live in the society where 'Automation' is growing as the trend of the Era. Robots and their uses are becoming more and more common there are possibilities that on day going out in hotels means being greeted by the robotic host going to hospital means treated by a robotic medical nurse and going to shop means buying things from a robot cashier whether we like it or not. Robots have been on the planet from ancient and medieval times but they were mechanical and limited in there work but now robots can do a lot much work thanks to coding,software and the invention of electricity although less Eco-friendly and causing increase in unemployment.

Meaning of a robot

 Most of the people in modern day era can recognize a robot but can not define it. The IFR(International Federation of Robots) had organised the robots in two main categories one is Industrial robot and the other are service robots. Industrial robots are the ones that came into use in industries and factories and service robots are being used for service purposes. But we can not define every autonomous thing as a robot we have to filter our thoughts about it the things we can turn on and off are robots and they have no further directions.

Types of robots

Robots can be classified on many basis as per the guidelines of many organisations for convience robots can be categorized based on their classifications here:

Production robots

These robots are mainly use at factory level such as industrial,military,medical and service sectors. Example of production robots are include robots in automobile assembely lines, military drones, the Da Vinci surgical robot, and service robots in hotels and hospitals.

Domestic or house held robots

There are many kind of robots in this catagory like iRobots Roomba 980, and braava jet 240 and Robotic lawn mower etc.

Other robots

Various other robots that are out of category of production and domestic robots such as Mars rover that explores other worlds like Mars,Moon etc. the toy robots and robots created as project for school and colleges also comes in this category.

Conclusion

As robots take care of our more intimate needs, such as personal care giving,human to robot and robot to human interactions will become a central focus of study and philosophical discussion. Much is the concern are the trust issues and acceptability for the robots. As technology advances the safety should be insured that it would not cause harm to the Humans in any way as due to technology if God wills the future for robots and robotics is unlimited.

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality

Virtual reality

Today virtual reality (VR) is implemented using computer technology such as headsets, omni-directional treadmills and special gloves to create an illusion of reality. But the question is what is virtual reality?

Virtual reality is a creation of an unreal world to our senses which is basically a virtual, three dimensional, computer generated environment. The person becomes the part of the virtual world as by just wearing the VR in such a sense that he/she is able to manipulate objects or perform a series of actions.

Why virtual reality

Virtual reality could led us to explore new discoveries in the area which impact on our day to day lives. It can help us to train for dangerous professions and can avoid the risk of life in training from fighter pilots to medical application trainee surgeon, virtual reality allows us to take virtual risk in order to gain real world experience. As the cost of virtual reality goes down and it becomes mainstream, we can expect more uses such as education or productivity applications to come in foreground.

Virtual reality and augmented reality could change the way we interface with our digital technologies while continues to humanise our technology.

Problems 

This is more difficult than it sounds,since our senses and brains are evolved to provide us with a finely synchronised and mediated experience. If anything is even a little off we can usually tell. Immersiveness and realism are the issues that makes the enjoyable experience as the unpleasent ones. Virtual reality technology needs to take our physiology into account otherwise it could in severe cases lead to motion sickness which happens in boat or while reading in the car. If in the production of VR gets all right in sense of combination of hardware, software and sensory synchronicity all things would be O.K.

Augmented Reality 

Imagine seeing an object that you can see but can not touch or we can say partially tangible. Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that is trending but it's been around in some form for years, if our definition is loose. For example, the overhead displays in many fighter aircraft in the 1990s would show information about the altitude, direction and speed of the plane, but now they show which objects in the field of view are targets.
   In the past several years various organisations had tried and are trying to build devices that give us augmented reality. In 2009, the MIT media lab's fluid interfaces group presented sixth sense, a device that combined the use of camera, a small projector, a smartphone and a mirror, which hung from the users neck down the chest. The sensors on the user's fingers manipulate the images projected on to any surface without requiring the visual screen.

The future of augmented reality

There is lot of work beings done on augmented reality. One such device is earbuds, which allow us to adjust the sounds that comes in from our surroundings. Research continues apace on including AR functionality in contact lenses and other wearable devices that would operate by themselves. The ultimate goal of augmented reality is to create a convenient and natural immersion, so that there wont be any need for phones or tablets. It isn't clear what those replacement will be. Even classes might take a new form, as "smart classes" are being developed for the blind people.

AR vs VR

AR is different from VR. VR means computer generated environment for us to interact with, as we immerse in it. AR, adds to the reality we normally see rather than replace it.
      Google glass is an example of AR not launched yet but is impressive as it has a projector to see movies and videos which accepts the users voice commands in daily use.
     In apps examples are that of cities technologies stars app, in it we could point camera to any star and planets to check its name as per the publisher of that app. Layar is an app to find and collect information about nearby surroundings. Disney research has also developed an app which is basically a coloring book which is based on AR.

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Artificial intelligence is said to be the pennacle of the age of machines. The industrial age witnessed the developement of machines that relieved humans from doing heavy physical work. In what is called a second machines age, humans are now biengs relieved of doing the mental work as well. This article takes a wide look at all its possibilities in the future.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is made up of two words - Artificial and Intelligence. AI is "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, perticualrly intellectual computer programs."
AI can turn a computer to self functioning and software's that can think, quite like the human biengs can think. Researchers are making system that can react to human biengs, identify there speech and react with them.

The growth and developement was desired to bring intelligence in machines which is similar to human biengs or can be more than it. British mathematician Alan Mathison Turing, known as the father of Ai, pridectedin 1950s that coming days in future the machines would develop to such a extent that they would think like human or have ability to more then that.

AIs two basic goals -

Creating expert systems: Systems that exhibit intelligent behaviour and can study, reveal, describe and advise its users.

Implementing human intelligence in machines: To make systems that comprehend, think, study and act like human biengs.

Interesting facts about AI 

• AI can repair itself - A AI robot may not know what is broken but it can observe the decrease in level of functioning and could make necessary arrangements to counter.

• AI can write - Data is captured from seismographs is used by a computer to write an article, which then turns it into figures and plugs those figures into a beautiful story. It takes graphs and turn that into well written reports.

Limitations of AI 

1. The cost involved in its protection and maintainence.

2. Fear of robots overruling humans. We, humans, should be the masters of machines. But if something goes wrong, could clever machines could turn out to be smarter than us.

3. If robots begin to subsitute human biengs in every field, it ultimately led to an unemployment.

4. If the controls of machines goes in wrong hand, it may cause havoc.

5. Over dependence on machines, there would be a lose in mental capabilities.

AI Tools

Companies like Google, Facebook and Amazon are investing a lot in there research and developement divisions just to check out the full potential of the AI systems.

5G Technology

Introduction

Every generation of internet technology gives us more speed and functionality. 

1G- It gives us introduction to the smartphone.

2G-It gives us the first text experience.

3G-It gives us the first online videos experience.

4G-It gives us what we have today.

5G-It can hold traffic many times more and is 10 times more faster then 4G as per expert estimations.

5G would help us in autonomous driving VR entertainment and much more.

5 new technologies emerging as foundation of 5G

Millimeter Waves

Our smartphone's and other electronic devices uses a particular set of frequency on spectrum which are under 6 GHz so due to shortage of space connection is getting slow as well as fluctuating more more to counter it new new spectrum should be opened being tried by the technological innovators but the problem is that shorter millimeter waves are weak in connections and can be absorved by rain and Trees.

Small Cell Networks

As we use large towers today but they wont be applicable much at the time of 5G as higher frequency waves can be stopped by obstacles but in this situation small cell networks which would be placed closer in comparison to old tower's would work as a savior and help the device to maintain connection.

Massive MIMO

It stands for multiple input and multiple output today's 4G base station supports a dozen ports but 5G base station can supports about at least a 100 ports it too would come with many complications.

Beam Forming

It would work as a traffic signal rather than different signal contradicting each other they would be going by the direction intended with the help of Beam Forming.

Full Duplex

Like in case there are two either you can talk or you can receive in the same way to counter this problem 5G uses full duplex in this way the line of signal before signal contradicts each other would take different paths before that movement and again after the danger is finished they become's the single line path.

Money laundering: How does it operate

Money laundering has been from a long time been a tool of corrupt people and still it is in work today. Lets understand this with the example of Al capone nutorious figure in the crime world. Al capone prisided over a vast and profitable empire in organised crime, when he was put on the trial he was only convicted with tax evasion and the wealth of about $100 million a year which is now about $1.4 billion approx. as per source is nowhere to be found that he earned from illegal gambling, bootlegging, brothel and extortion. Capone and his associates have hidden it as a part in different investments whose ownership cant be proven, like cash only laundromats infact those laundromats are part of the reason of those activities money laundering. The name money laundering itself term as any process that converts illegal currency to legal one by application of different tricks. 

Its not the capone who started the system of money laundering, it is as old as money itself. Merchants do it for avoiding tax related conflicts and pirates hava done it for secure selling of their bounties. But recent arrival of virtual currencies, offshore banking, the dark net and global markets schemes have become much more complex, although they very alot all of them share three basic steps-

1. Placement - It is a step in which criminals buy assets with illegal money which seems as legitimate this is done by opening bank accounts under the name of anonymous corporation or a middle man depositing massive wealth this makes a very vernurable position of the depositor.

2. Layering - It is done by transferring money to multiple bank accounts or by purchasing of luxurious items and real estates or by the help of casinos where every second the money owner changes or have fixing with employees to rig it.

3. Integration - it is done by investments done in legal business makes payment legal by fake invoices get the salary of managing Directors or by make a Bogus charity.

Although through all this U.N, international institutions, and national goverment are fighting money laundering but still it is continued by criminals and not only criminals but people like goverment officials, financial institutions are also in it. No one knows how much wealth is hidden due to money laundering, estimates can be in billion of dollars.